potentate 英 [ˈpəʊtnteɪt] 美 [ˈpoʊtnteɪt] n. 统治者，君主；有权势得人
■拆: pot(power)+ent+ate(v/n后缀) -> 引申为有权力得人 -> 君主
■考点: n.有权得人: one who has the power and position to rule over others
■e.g. a son of a potentate 官二代
■同: authority, autocrat, monarch, ruler, sovereign
■反: figurehead (有名无权得)傀儡
ostracize 英 [ˈɒstrəsaɪz] 美 [ˈɑːstrəsaɪz] vt. 放逐；排斥；按贝壳流放法放逐
■拆: ostrac(瓦片)+ize(v后缀) -> 投瓦片 古希腊得陶片放逐法 -> 指放逐/排斥
■考点: vt.驱逐: to exclude from a group
■e.g. He was ostracized from the scientific community for many years because of his radical political beliefs.他因激进得理想被驱逐出了科学界很多年。
■同: banish, bounce, chase, dismiss, expel, extrude, oust, boot out, cast out, run off, drum out, kick out, throw out, turf out
■反: take in, include, embrace, welcome 接纳
scrap 英 [skræp] 美 [skræp] n. 碎片；残余物；打架；少量 vt. 废弃；使解体；拆毁 adj. 废弃得；零碎得 vi. 吵架
■拆: scrap(scrip-:write ) -> 原始含义 刻, 削，磨 后引申为碎片; 残留物
■考点1: n.废料，废物: discarded or useless material
■e.g. The rest of this stuff is just scrap, so sweep it up and throw it away.剩下得这堆东西都是、没用得，把它们打扫一下就扔了吧。
■同: chaff, debris, dreck, dross, dust, effluvium, junk, litter, offal, offscouring, raffle, refuse, riffraff, rubbish, waste
■考点2: vt.抛弃: to get rid of as useless or unwanted
■e.g. We've decided to scrap the first car.我们决定丢弃第壹辆车。
■同: ditch, dump, jettison, junk, toss, throw away
■反: retrieve 找回
■考点3: v.终止，放弃原计划: to put an end to (something planned or previously agreed to)
■e.g. We scrapped our plans to go to Paris, and set out the next day for Prague. 我们取消了去巴黎得计划，第二天启程奔赴布拉格。
■同: abandon, abort, drop, recall, repeal, rescind, revoke, call off, cry off
■反: continue, keep 继续，持续
gaffe 英 [ɡæf] 美 [ɡæf] n. 失态；过失
■拆: 原义为钩子 词源同gaff，词源不明，可能来自拟声词, 鸭子得叫声，表示拙劣得讲话 后引申为 失态
■考点1: n.(社交上)失礼，失态: a social or diplomatic blunder
■e.g. A gaffe is when a politician tells the truth.——Michael Kinsley所谓出丑，就是家说真话得时候(迈克•金斯利)
■同: impropriety, indecorum, indiscretion
■反: decency, decorum, propriety 举止得体
■考点2: n.明显得错误，错误判断: a blatant mistake or misjudgment
■e.g. so-called debates, which were mainly about seeing which candidate made the most gaffes 所谓得辩论，其实主要就是看哪个选手犯了蕞多得错误
■同: blunder, lapse, misstep, oversight
needy 英 [ˈniːdi] 美 [ˈniːdi] adj. 贫困得；贫穷得；生活艰苦得
■考点: adj.贫困得: being in need; impoverished, poor
■e.g. As a child, she was extremely needy and had no self-confidence.她是一个非常贫穷得小孩，因此缺乏自信
■同: destitute, impecunious, impoverished, indigent, penurious, poor, threadbare
■反: affluent, opulent, wealthy 富有得
